The Islamic Calendar defines one year as 12 lunar cycles. This works out to about 354 days and 9 hours. The period of Ramadan beings with the ninth crescent moon of the year, and although modern science can predict when the crescent moon will appear, for the sake of tradition only a visual sighting is counted. At that point the daily fasting begins, which lasts a full lunar cycle.
Bonus:
Fasting is one of the 5 Pillars of Islam. The others are: Faith, Prayer, Charity, and a visit to Mecca.
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