Some religious buildings are churches, others are cathedrals, and others still are basilicas. What makes each unique is summarized quite while in this post. To summarize, Churches are any place of Christian worship, no matter how simple. Cathedrals are churches that contain the seat of a bishop (which may be a symbolic seat, and not a literal one). The term Basilica is sometimes used to designate any large building that was designed in a similar style to the Roman basilica. However it can also be used to refer to any building granted special status and importance by the pope.
Bonus:
To take this a bit further, Abbeys were or are the church of a monastic order, under the governance of an abbot or abbesse (the head of a group of monks or nuns). A Shrine is a sacred place dedicated to a figure (human or other-worldly), and is the only term in this list not exclusive to Christianity.
-E
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